Islam and Great Sectarian Divide - 1098 Words

Bottom of Form * ------------------------------------------------- Brothers at war FOR two sects united by their belief in one Maker, one Book and one Prophet, the amount of blood spilt in the name of their respective faiths by Shias and Sunnis is truly staggering. This is specially so when one considers the tiny differences that define and divide them. Since the earliest days of Islam in the 7th century when the schism first tore the young Muslim community apart, the two sects have been warring incessantly. Untold thousands have been killed over the years, and this internecine war continues to devastate communities and nations. I am not qualified to go into the rights and wrongs of this old conflict. However, as a student†¦show more content†¦Now the shoe is on the other foot, and it is the minority Sunnis under the Shia heel. In Syria, the minority Alewites have ruled since the Seventies. In Sunni Saudi Arabia, the Shias are marginalised. The list goes on, but one thing is clear: both sects harbour deep distrust of each other. Indeed, in a recent Pew Institute survey on attitudes in the Muslim world, only 53 per cent of those surveyed in Pakistan considered Shias to be Muslims. This figure is even lower in several other Muslim countries. There is similar doubt on the other side, with many Shias casting doubt on Sunni beliefs. So clearly, time has only sharpened this schism, rather than healing old wounds. But while more often than not, these tensions are limited to neighbourhoods and nations, the emergence of a Shia theocracy in Iran has taken these differences to a new level. Although mediaeval Islam saw states engaging in sectarian warfare, this tendency was later suppressed in modern times, as we have just discussed. However, although the Iran-Iraq war was fought over territorial claims and counter-claims, overtly sectarian symbolism was deployed by both sides. And when the Americans invaded Iraq in 2003, the ruling Baath Party was ousted, and the minority Sunnis displaced from power. This led to a Shia revival, and a major gain in Iranian influence. Indeed, the US-led campaign was widely viewed in the Middle East asShow MoreRelatedSectarianism in Pakistan5487 Words   |  22 PagesSectarianism in Pakistan INTRODUCTION The decade of the 1990s witnessed a frightening upsurge in the Shia-Sunni sectarian violence in Pakistan, both in terms of scope and intensity. Recently, sectarian strife has engulfed even those areas, which were previously unaffected, largely because of the emergence of organized terrorist groups along sectarian lines. Besides target killings, these groups hit even ordinary members of each other’s sects. The problem, therefore, is no more of an occasional natureRead MoreThe Media And Its Impact On The World1280 Words   |  6 PagesFor a moment all the world was right again. To a great number of people around the world, 2001 became a lost dream; a vision that was believed in, suddenly tarnished and turned nightmarish. Naturally, we Americans were looking for answers to why a devastation of this magnitude would happen to us. During the fallout of 9/11, the media played a major role in distributing information about a culture that many Americans knew nothing about. American s were now paying attention to the Muslim communityRead MoreThe Sectarian Divide Between The Sunni And Shiite1433 Words   |  6 Pagesthe rest of the world. The divide between the the Sunni and Shiite which has existed for centuries is one of the most prevalent aspects of Islam. Members of the two sects have co-existed for centuries and share many fundamental beliefs and practices. However, they differ in doctrine, ritual, law, and religious organization. Their leaders also often seem to be at odds; from Lebanon and Syria to Iraq and Pakistan, many recent conflicts have emphasized the sectarian divide which began with the deathRead MoreUnity of Muslim Ummah1811 Words   |  8 PagesAlHoojrat, Chapter 26), The one who obey Prophet, without any doubt he obeys Allah(Verse 80, Al Nissa, Chapter 5). Therefore to take out love of Muhammad (PBUH) from the heart and lives of Muslims, enemies of Islam fuelled controversy among Muslims about Great Personality of our Prophet, thereby creating disunity. Unity between Tongue and Heart (Iqrarum Bill-i-san wa Tasdeequm Bil Qalb) Present day world is full of hypocrisy (munafqat). This is major disease andRead MoreSaudi Arabia Versus Iran And The Ongoing Sunni Shia Conflict2147 Words   |  9 Pagesthis ancient divide is contributing in one way or the other to the resurgence of conflict in Muslim countries especially in the Middle East. For instance, it is this struggle between the Sunni and the Shia that feeds the current Syrian civil war, which is threatening to change the Middle East. The divide has also fueled violence in other Gulf countries such as Iraq, Bahrain, Yemen, as well as Lebanon. Notably however, the entire conflicts are not defined in respect to this Shia Sunni divide since thereRead More Fundamentalist Islam Essay2425 Words   |  10 Pages The key issue in the Middle East, increasingly, has less to do with the Arab-Israeli conflict and more to do with fundamentalist Islam. What is fundamentalist Islam? On the one hand, it manifests itself as a new religious conviction, reaff irming faith in an awe-inspiring God. On the other hand, it appears as a militant ideology, demanding political action now. One day its spokesmen call for a jihad (sacred war) against the West, evoking the deepest historic resentments. Another day, its leadersRead MoreSunni-Shiite Conflict1583 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sunni and Shiite branches of Islam have been feuding for hundreds of years dating back to the beginning of the Islamic religion. The deity or god of the Sunnis is Allah. The Sunni branch of Islam is the larger of the two branches with over 80% of the Muslim population. The Sunni are the majority in most of the countries that have Islamic followers. There are a few different translations of what Sunna stands for, one of which is â€Å"Habitual Practice.† The differences between the two branches canRead MoreThe Conflict Of Indian Muslims1686 Words   |  7 Pagesa sense of indirection, uncertainty and doubt. When the events of the history are reviewed, the heroes of the past start losing much of their sensation and mystery, challenging the integration and identity of a nation built on the great deeds of its founding fathers. In 1947 the Indian subcontinent got independence from its British rulers and emerged as two separate nations which were predominantly distinguished according to the religion of their resident populations. This hasRead MoreInternal Threats to Pakistan10157 Words   |  41 Pagesan insecure feeling amongst the masses. On the political front also things are not very encouraging. The dawn of democracy has been accompanied by same customary ills, which this nation has witnessed previously. The religious intolerance, ethnic divide and growing extremism have further compounded the problems. If already there were not enough security concerns existent for this country, the fate has now laid latest challenges and fears in the form of varying geopolitical compulsions since theRead MoreHurdles Impeding Development of Pakistan2259 Words   |  10 Pagesthem as the representative authority did not provide much hope of a democratic state that provided socio-economic justice and fair administration to all Pakistani citizens. Ranging controversies over the issue of the national language, the role of Islam, provincial representation, and the distribution of power between the center and the provinces delayed constitution making and postponed general elections, thus putting Pakistan into a certain situation of uncertainty right from the start. Poverty

Landmine Research Paper Free Essays

Abstract My research topic was landmines. At first I thought that the topic was too broad but came to find that there is so much about the topic that can be discovered. This brought on so many possible research questions. We will write a custom essay sample on Landmine Research Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now A few were: are they the most dangerous, should they be banned, how long have they been used etc. However, I found that researching the dangers of landmines would be the most appropriate topic for me. My method was to search through the databases and find information that could help formulate a thesis; once that was created I continued my research to help me discover topics for body paragraphs. My research brought me to a lot of conclusions and made me realize that landmines are in fact the most dangerous weapon that can be used it war. A Geographer Explores a Path of Destruction â€Å"Since 1975, landmines have killed or maimed more than 1-million people [across the world]† (Bonsor, 2001). Landmines are becoming increasingly more dangerous as they are constantly being used in wars. At the time, they seem like the best choice of weaponry but in reality, there are so many more efficient and safer choices that can be made. As I am human geographer, I am concerned with the study of people and places. Therefore, studying how landmines affect the people and their country is a huge part of what I do. It is said that the earliest forms of landmines were used over 2,500 years ago but that Americans were the first to use operational landmines in the war against the Indians in Florida in 1840 (Croll, 1998). Landmines have been used for so long and are becoming more and more dangerous. They used to be manually operated but quickly were developed to blow up when a certain amount of pressure was put on them. However, it was not until 1918 that landmines started being used on a large scale level; this began because assault tanks were now used in wars as well (Croll, 1998). If it were not for landmines, a lot of damage to citizens, animals, and resources would not occur. There are also two categories of landmines; Anti-personnel (AP) mines and Anti-Tank (AT) mines. AT mines are usually larger and contain more explosive materials. These mines are used to disable tanks, trucks, and the people in the surrounding area. They also require more pressure on the rigger plate for it to explode (Bonsor, 2001). However, no matter what type of mine it is, they can all do equal damage on a human being. The damage can be life threatening or even deadly. Mines cannot detect when the war is over or who is stepping on them; they are so dangerous to everyone around them. Sadly, some countries are a lot more affected by landmines than others (Croll, 1998). There are 26 countries in Africa, 9 countries in Amer ica, 17 countries in Asia, 25 countries in Europe, and 16 countries in the Middle East all being seriously affected by landmines. These are said to be the countries most affect by this deadly weapon of defense. Landmines are the most dangerous weapon to use in war because they are so deadly, they exists after the war ends, people forget where they placed them, they are cheap to make yet effective, and they kill civilians as well as the enemy. â€Å"Currently, there are more than 100-million landmines located in 70 countries around the world† (Bonsor, 2001). This number is outrageous seeing as many of these countries no longer have war raging through their country. Almost every war uses landmines because they are effective. The purpose of mines when used by armed forces is to disable any person or vehicle that comes into contact with it by an explosion or fragments released at high speeds† (Bonsor, 2001). We know that they are effective and that is why we use them. Nonetheless, we know that they are deadly and can kill in a matter of seconds. If you look at the map on page 8, you can see the large n umber of casualties throughout the world in 2008. The areas that are blue have high casualty rates; there is too much blue on that map for anyone to accept the horrors that landmines bring to war. Hopefully, one day, we will see white on every country proving that mines are no longer killing people across the world. Another scary thought is that in many instances, the mines do not kill the victim. Loss of arms and legs are very common in these injuries. These injuries do not only physically damage you but according to Shah, 2009, they leave a mental scar on the victim as well. Many people never recover from these traumatic injuries. It is difficult to imagine ever dealing with what these citizens must go through on a daily basis. How many people can actually say they would not fear leaving their own homes after such a terrible experience? Even when the war is over, the mines are not removed. They sit in the ground for years and years to come until some unfortunate soul is unlucky enough to be the one to detonate it. â€Å"Anti-personnel landmines continue to have tragic, unintended consequences years after a battle and even the entire war has ended† (Bonsor, 2001). The process it would take to remove these landmines is a lot more intricate than it is to install them in the first place. You would have to disable it from above ground or detonate it and that would become very difficult and dangerous for the workers. Doing this is not worth it for them, especially if they are not fighting on their own soil. Fighting for your own country is a lot more inconvenient. You may know that land a lot better which gives you an advantage, like in the Vietnam War. Yet, we also have to think about how they are depleting their own resources, destroying their land, and harming their own people. They have to deal with more tragedy once the war is over. We would reason that they would want to avoid using landmines on their own land, but it has yet to stop any country in any war. Landmines are also making globalization a lot harder because it is causing boundaries between countries; that’s what war does. Having landmines deepens the hate between countries because they cause so much pain. It is hard to trust a country that wants to help you become a core country when they have already destroyed so much of what you love. Thermal infrared (IR) technique has been applied to the detection of shallowly buried landmines for more than a decade and has been found to be promising for non-metallic mines. Its aim is to detect and distinguish landmines from other buried objects (false alarms) using diurnal IR measurements of the air-soil interface† (Thanh, 2011). Although this is very convenient, it does not always work. Many landmines are in fact metallic so if it can only de tect non-metallic mines, then it is missing a large amount of deadly weapons. The technique is an amazing start but it is not enough to say that the use of landmines should be allowed. Until a machine is invented that can detect any landmine, none should be used. However, if something like this is invented, it defeats the purpose of the mines all together. Either way, with advancements in this day and age, it will not be long before something this magnificent is created and the use of mines is unnecessary; therefore saving hundreds of lives every year. The more they use landmines, the more innocent lives are going to be taken once the conflict has been concluded. Not only do the landmines remain in the ground years after conflict has ended, but often soldiers forget where they have been placed. As time passes, the location of landmines is often forgotten, even by those who planted them† (Bonsor, 2001). This makes these mines even more dangerous. We know that they can kill someone in an instant, but knowing that we do not even know there location is terrifying. Anyone could visit a foreign country and potentially be affected by these killing machines. There is nothing we can even do at this point, especially when it is not on our on soil. When one country invades another, it makes sense that they forget about the location, but when it is your own country, the circumstances are completely different. They are now killing their own people and that is wrong on every possible level. â€Å"Furthermore, in the midst of a conflict or in preparation, records are rarely kept on exact locations for any or all landmines† (Shah, 2009). Therefore, they either do not have a record at all or completely forget about them. These conditions are daunting to imagine. We would hope that if war ever struck in the United States that we would be willing to remove the mines or detonate them before we forgot exactly where we put them. It is scary to think of the possibility of death in your own country post-war due to the effects of war. Since the death toll of landmines is so high we know that they are effective, however many people do not know that they are cheap to make as well. â€Å"Landmines are easy-to-make, cheap and effective weapons that can be deployed easily over large areas to prevent enemy movements† (Bonsor, 2001). The fact that they are cheap makes it a lot easier and more convenient to use them in wars. We could predict that if they were not so cheap then less countries would want to use them as a weapon. However, at this point in time, it seems that the only thing that could possibly stop the use of landmines is a law. It would be great if everyone just stopped using them because the causality rate is so high but they are more worried about killing soldiers and do not worry about what is going to happen to the civilians decades later. The more wars they are used in, the easier and cheaper it gets to produce them (Thanh, 2011). This should be reason enough to stop all use of the mines. This needs to end before it is too late. Too many people are getting maimed by these mines. It is clear that they are beneficial during the war but the affects after the war are far from worth a potential victory. It is not fair to the rest of the world to use these when we are the ones getting caught in the crossfire. Once the war had ended, the only people left to be effected by the landmines are the citizens. â€Å"Horrific stories and pictures from all around the world often showed that civilians were the main landmine casualties in large numbers — and continued to be so years after the warring factions have left the battlefield† (Shah, 2009). This is alarming to hear. They did nothing to deserve this terrible fate therefore they should not be the ones whose lives are destroyed because of them. One of the worst parts of the situation is that the ones affected are often children. You may see the physical damages on the outside, but there are so many mental scars on the inside. â€Å"Education rates among child survivors are lower than average while school drop-outs are more frequent, diminishing employment prospects later on† (Shah, 2009). It is not fair that children have to suffer so much for a war they may not have even been alive to experience. Even if they had been alive it is unlikely that they had been a part of the war; they were most likely just a citizen in a village or town nearby. There futures are ruined due to factors that are not their fault; it is a miserable start to a child’s life leading to an even more miserable ending. They do not deserve to live under these horrible conditions. We should be able to do more to help, but at this point, there is nothing we can do but hope that innocent people stop getting injured. Landmines are becoming more dangerous as the number of casualties increase. Many civilians may have to resort to voluntary migration to avoid the dangers that the area may bring. Something needs to be done to stop these terrifying mines from being used during war. The five themes of geography can be applied because the layout and production of landmines relates to it. The first theme is location. Landmines are everywhere. In the map on page 8, we can see just how common they really are and just how many people are affected by them. They were not put into the Earth so that people would never set them off, they were meant to destroy. The second theme is human-environment interaction; the relationship between human and the physical world. The mines could be around any corner of the world and these causes a relationship of fear for the people living with these dangers. The third theme is region. This relates to landmines because more often than not, landmines are placed in regions that soldiers would be crossing. They are strategically placed by the enemy. â€Å"[We as geographers] use fieldwork, quantitative, and qualitative methods to develop insightful descriptions of different regions of the world† (Fouberg, 2009). The fourth theme is place. Each landmine has a unique location depending on who planted it and who their target is. Each landmine has its own distinctive mission. Finally, the fifth theme is movement. Civilians must relocate during and after war to avoid the tragedies brought on by landmines and even other war effects. This is not fair to them but it is something that should be done to ensure their safety and the safety of their families. My conclusions is that landmines are the most dangerous weapon to use in war because they are so deadly, they exists after the war ends, people forget where they placed them, they are cheap to make yet effective, and they kill civilians. All these reasons are enough to show that landmines should not be used in wars. â€Å"These landmines are perhaps amongst the most awful weapons on the battlefield today, they are inanimate victim-activated explosive devices recognizing neither friend nor foe, making no distinctions between soldiers or civilians they continue maiming and killing long after war is over†(Shaun, 2011). None of the achievements seem worth all the pain and suffering. It may seem that they are helping in war efforts but in the long run, they are doing more damage than good. These mines continue to be functional for many decades, causing further damage, injury and death† (Bonsor, 2001). It is unfathomable to understand the fear that goes through the minds of civilians in many countries when they walk out the door. Could I fall victim to a landmine today? Do they have any idea what is coming? They may even think that nothing will happen to them or that all the mines have been detonated. Little d o they know, there are still hundreds, maybe even thousands still lurking in the soil of a place they call home. http://www. he-monitor. org/index. php/publications/display? url=lm/2009/maps/casualties. html This is a map of the world that shows the number of casualties, in 2008, that mines and explosive remnants of war (ERW) have caused. Works Cited Bonsor, Kevin. (19 June 2001). How Landmines Work. How Stuff Works. Retrieved from http://science. howstuffworks. com/landmine7. htm Croll, Mike. (November 1998). History of Landmines. Pen and Sword Books. Retrieved from http://members. iinet. net. au/~pictim/mines/history/history. html Fouberg, Erin H. (2009). Human Geography: People, Place, and Culture. New York: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Shah, Anup. (27 November 2009). Landmines. Global Issues. Retrieved from http://www. globalissues. org/article/79/landmines Shaun, Allan. (2011). Call of Duty – Modern Warfare: The Effects of Landmines and IEDs on British Troops in Afghanistan. Baltic Security and Defense Review, Vol. 13, 6-20. Thanh, Nguyen Trung. (April 2011). Detection and characterization of buried landmines using infrared thermography. Inverse Problems in Science Engineering, Vol. 19, 281-301. How to cite Landmine Research Paper, Essays

Utilitarianism and Natural Justice Intellectual Property Rights

Question: Describe about the Utilitarianism and Natural Justice for Intellectual Property Rights. Answer: 1. The recent writings in theory most of them consist of a struggle which is there between and with the different approaches towards intellectual property rights. The two of the main approaches that exist towards intellectual property rights are that of Utilitarianism and Natural Justice. The most popular of the four theories is that of Utilitarianism, the utilitarian guidelines that the most common guidelines which the beacon of lawmakers follow for shaping of the intellectual property rights.[1] The principle behind this being that it is ensured that there is maximization of the social welfare in net. It is generally thought with respect to pursuit of such end for intellectual property is that it is required by the lawmakers for striking a balance which is optimal between, the exclusive right power for ensuring that there is stimulation of creation of works of art and inventions and, on the other hand, offsetting partially such rights that that it is able to curtail the public enjoyment which is widespread of such creations. From the Utilitarian aspect it must be noted that there is encouragement of Intellectual Property for creativity, it allows that the creator be able to make a profit from his own work, there is incentive which is there for being able to create w ork that is more useful. The aim of this theory, as has already be established through decades, is to ensure that it is able to achieve for the greatest number of people greatest happiness. This view is stated as being the ultimate view when it comes to IP with respect to the theory of utilitarianism. The second most common theory when it comes to Intellectual Property Rights is that of utilitarianism. The theorists who work in this area of the theory of Intellectual Property Rights are usually in the practice of drawing their inspiration from the personal attachment and natural rights.[2] The work that is creative in nature is usually the expression of the creators personality. This is a requirement for ensuring that it is protected at all times. It is necessary to establish that there should be no one who would be allowed to use such work without the permission of the creator. It has been stated by Vaver D., Some Agnostic Observations on Intellectual Property Rights that- The reasons behind the extension of legal protection with respect to intellectual property are not evident as well as persuasive. The moral and economic motivations have been identified by the theorists. Morally, an individual is believed to possess a natural right with respect to their intellect; on the other hand the society has an obligation for rewarding the individuals to a level in which they have produced something valuable for the society. It is also rightly said that, as you sow, so shall you reap. However, these arguments are not valid with respect to the given case. This argument is also the argument on materials that are judicial and legislative, typically there is a blending of the various types of arguments which are there with respect to intellectual property. Though it may be that a modern reader might suppose the fact that there is commitment towards intellectual growth is required to be a goal that is entirely utilitarian in nature, peripheral largely to the natural justice considerations, there would not have been characterization of it by many of the thinkers of natural rights themselves. In the 18th century during the work mark that was high of thinking which related to natural rights, the view which was orthodox that was taken that the progress towards ensuring that there is enlightenment of humans is interwoven inescapably with the freedom of humans, that ensuring that there is liberation of the citizen and there is liberation of the mind were procedures that were complimentary in nature. These view of being able to access knowledge and progress were applicable to the questions which related to Intellectual Property Rights. While there are some perspectives with respect to natural rights which are committed internally for the disse mination and the growth of culture and learning there are various other which are not. An IPR advocate who is strong can accept simply instantiate their preferential establishment may certainly have unenviable consequences for the development of knowledge and societal epistemologys aptitude for tracking the truth. Nonetheless they might carry on we cannot overlook the claiming of rights simply for the reason that we are concerned regarding inopportune consequences to improvement and understanding. 2. Part 1 Though in theory there is protection of shapes under trademark, there has been refusal of the majority of product shapes which are functional. The rejection of such shapes have been due to the fact that they do not qualify as being a trade mark, even though there may be categorization of shape as being with the definition of sign under the Australian Trade Mark Act 1995 section 6 and there may be registration of all signs as trade-marks however, to be able to qualify as being a trademark it is required that there must be usage of the sign either on or with respect to some services or goods. It is through section 7(4) that the same rule is set regarding the manner in which it is to be used in a trade mark which states that the usage of a trademark with respect to goods means that the trade mark is to be used either in physical, upon or other relation with respect to the goods. It is not possible for the trademark to become in itself a product, so there is exclusion by this requirement of being able to register the goods actual shape as being a trademark as it does not form a separate mark, which is to be used either in relation or on the product itself. Part II While it was out of originally the tort of passing off that the system of trademark registration grew, there exists a difference which is fundamental between the manner in which there is conferring by the registered system protection on the trademarks and the manner in which the tort of passing off.[3] The tort of passing off is a protection that has been conferred not on the per se the trade-mark. Instead this protection has been conferred on the associated reputation of the trademark. This proposition which is fundamental form the cause for some of the debates which had been going on for years altogether but is now a proposition that has been irrefutable and entrenched. The English authority which is leading with respect to this point is the decision of House of Lords in the case of Spalding and Brothers v AW Gammage Ltd[4], soon after there was a turn of the 20th century, wherein it was stated that the usage of the of a term that is descriptive rather than a term which is inventiv e will require on the plaintiff much more effort for establishing that there was a secondary meaning which existed to it. Futher in the case of CampomarSociedad v Nike International[5] it was stated that there is restrain that is put on a person under passing off from using descriptive terms, names or other such indicia for persuading the customer or the purchaser to believe that the said services or goods have an endorsement or quality which would belong or belongs to services and goods of, or are associated with others or another. Part III Though there are provisions which attempt to protect the 3D designs however it is challenge for the designers in Australia to try and protect their works in the near future when there are technological chance which are precipitated by the advent of their being manufacturing that is additive which is known also as 3D printing. This process is the once which there is recreation of the form of a solid entity by means of layering of various objects in layers which are successive. It may be used for the creation of shoes, clothing jewellery to furniture, sculptures, parts of machine and even instruments of music. However, the present framework which is in existence in Australia there is a general loss that is faced by the designs which are applied industrially to the benefit of copyright protection. The point at which the protection of design expire after only a period of period of ten years, unlike a copyright which lasts entirely through the period of life of the author and another plus 70 years, there is no further protection that would be in existence for the designs. It was stated in the submission by the Advisory Council on Intellecutal Propertys Reviewing of Designs Systems issues document that this technological advancement possess the potential of posing same challenges to the regime of our intellectual property as alters to the digital financial system have been pretentious in Australia for the previous decade.28 The need for reforming a comparison between the regimes of Australia and the foreign jurisdictions and looking to the future of technology of design as well as manufacturing for demonstrating that the policy of Australian justification for the exclusive rights and designing overlap provisions that are obsolete and out of step with the international equivalents. 4. In the case of National Research Development Corporation v Commissioner of Patents (NRDC)[6] it was indicated by the High Court that the approach which was policy-oriented should be adapted to the meaning of the term. The word manufacture in the present Act finds its position not as an anticipated word for reducing the question of patentability to a verbal interpretation question, as merely as the title which is generally prevalent in the Statute of Monopolies. The question that is correct is whether this is a subject, which is proper form the patent letters according to the principles that have been under the relevance of the principle of the said Statute. It was interpreted in the NRDC case that for there to be an invention, which is a manufacturing manner it is, required that it belongs to fine arts rather than usual arts. There must be material advantage, which should be provided, and the value to the contrary must in the economic endeavor field. 3. Part I This is a situation of joint authorship between all the individuals who have contributed to the paper in various ways. In the case of Godfrey v. Lees[7], the copyright dispute concerned in an arrangement that was recorded of various songs by the band called Barclay James Harvest. The bands producer had contributed toward the arrangements of the string and other elements of music to songs eventual released version i.e. the work of music in question. There was a correct identification of the arrangement as being distinct from the work that was underlying and there was a joint authorship which was awarded to the producer in the arrangements. Part II Jasmine will have to ensure that the disclosure is a confidential disclosure. If a confidential disclosure is made for the purposes of commercialization it shall not affect the novelty of the product. Part III No, the argument which is made by Malcom is not a valid argument, since the disclosure which had been made was a confidential disclosure and there will be liability on Malcolm and Hope for breach of intellectual property rights of Amanda. Part IV There is protection which is provided under copyright to not the idea itself but the manner in which the idea has been expressed as opined in the case of Autodesk Inc versus Dyason there is no expression of idea with respect to the said chair and it is an idea in itself hence there will not be any copyright protection that would be provided to it. Part V The required under section 17 states that the trade mark is required to be sign, there must be an intention attached for using it or it is to be used and it should be able to distinguish the service or the product. Though there is no geographic indicator attached to it the trademark is not innovative and will not be able to distinguish the goods for which it is being registered for it is already a form of cotton. Thus, it may not be advisable to register the same as a trademark. Part VI Issac would be able to obtain a patent for his invention since though he had referred to various documents through his research however he has come up with an invention that is completely thus satisfying one of the ground criteria of patents that it ensures that there is invention and development.